巨灾情境下集权与分权式国家应急响应模式比较

Comparison of the State emergency response to catastrophe between centralized and decentralized modes

摘要:

在巨灾情境下，分别以卡特里娜飓风与汶川地震救援为例，对以中国为代表的集权式国家应急响应模式以及以美国为代表的分权式国家应急响应模式进行比较，并分析二者之间的差异主要在于：救援最高权力机构是否拥有军队指挥权，灾害协调机构是否被赋权，以及国家权力是否可以随时介入地方救援。对比结果指出了卡特里娜飓风应急响应迟滞与救援无序的症结所在，即分权制在国家应急响应模式中的弊端，最后得到结论认为巨灾情境下集权式国家应急响应模式更能体现效率，同时指出集权式国家应急响应模式在灾害救援中的困境。

Abstract:

Under catastrophe scenarios, by taking the rescue cases of Hurricane Katrina and Earthquake Wenchuan for examples, this paper compares the centralized and decentralized emergency response patterns of China and United States, and then analyzes the differences between them are whether the core rescue organization has military command, coordinating organization is empowerment, as well as the state power is ready to intervene in local rescue. Comparison results indicate that the reasons why response of Hurricane Katrina is sluggish and the rescue is disordered, which are just the problems of decentralized State emergency response. The final conclusion is the centralized the mode of State emergency response under catastrophe scenarios is more efficiency, and also points out the dilemma of centralized mode in emergency response rescue.