本文以分析美国联邦科研经费的分配概况为出发点,研究了美国联邦科研经费的配置及管理模式,并具体介绍了NSF联邦科研经费的竞争性分配方式和流程。研究发现,第一,整体上美国对其政府科研投入的配置及管理呈现出“自上而下”的两次分配特点：各政府部门以预算管理这种非竞争性方式获得可执行的科研预算是初次分配阶段；国家实验室、FFRDCs、大学和学院等科研机构通过竞争性和非竞争性方式向各部门申请科研经费是二次分配阶段。第二,NSF借助价值评议的项目官自主决策这一竞争性方式配置其科研经费,极大地提高了经费配置的效率性和公平性。最后,对我国政府科研经费的配置提出了相关建议。

Based on the analysis of the allocation data of the U.S. federal funding, the article studied the allocation and management mode of the U.S. federal funding, and then specifically introduced competitive allocation methods and processes of NSF’s federal funding. The results shows that, first, the allocation and management of U.S. federal funding present a twice allocation feature on the whole, which was top-down: all government departments obtained their executable research budget through noncompetitive way of budget management was the initial allocation stage; national laboratory, FFRDCs, colleges and universities and other research institutions apply research funding for departments through competitive or noncompetitive way was secondary allocation stage. Second, NSF allocated its research funding through a competitive way of project officer independent decision-making with the help of value appraisal, which greatly improved the efficiency and fairness of funds allocation. Finally, the article put forward some suggestions for china’s government funding allocation.

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科技部资助项目“我国科技评价的方法与组织架构研究”( 2015JP013)