论大科学装置的公共品性质

On the public good nature of large scale scientific facilities

摘要:

大科学装置在中国一直被默认为公共品,在简单套用现有公共品理论进行分析的情况下,可以发现大科学装置具有很强的私人品性质,这造成了理论和实践之间的矛盾和张力。通过对已有理论的回顾,文章提出了一个修正的公共品界定方式,认为“非竞争属性”和“非排他手段”是物品得以转变为公共品的主要依据。基于这个修正的界定方式,文章指出,“知识生产和扩散”是大科学装置的“非竞争属性”,系统的法律政策体系和灵活的管理体制机制是实现大科学装置“非竞争属性”的“非排他手段”。最后,在这个视角下,文章分析了美国和中国在大科学装置建设和运营上的区别,并提出政策建议。

关键词:大科学装置;公共品界定依据;非竞争属性;非排他手段;开放措施;隔离措施

Abstract:

Large scale scientific facilities have been acquiesced as public goods for a long time. With the traditional theories of public good, it is argued that large scale scientific facilities have strong character of private good, which causes conflict between theory and practice. By reviewing received literatures, this paper brings out a modified method of how to define public good, which is argued that the nature of non-competitive and the means of non-exclusive are the main basis for defining public good. Based on this modified method, it is analyzed that knowledge production and spread is the nature of non-competitive of large scale scientific facilities, and it is analyzed that systematic law and flexible management institution are the means of non-exclusive for large scale scientific facilities to realize its nature of non-competitive. At last, based on the theory view, this paper has analyzed the difference between China and the U.S. in running large scale scientific facilities, and the suggestions have been given.

Key words:large scale scientific facilities;definition of public goods; the nature of non-competitive; the means of non-exclusive; open measures; isolation measures