Abstract:To empirically analyze the impact of private investment,agricultural science and technology progress and agricultural industrial structure upgrading by using the panel data of 17 provinces in 2007—2016 along the “Belt and Road”. The results show that the progress rate of agricultural science and technology in each province (city) along the line is increasing year by year and the level of agricultural science and technology progress in the five coastal provinces is higher than that in inland areas. On the whole, private investment has effectively promoted agricultural science and technology progress but did not promote the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure. The negative impact of agricultural science and technology progress on the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure was significant. In terms of regions, the private investment in the six northwestern provinces and the five coastal provinces has a significant positive effect on agricultural science and technology progress, while the three northeastern provinces and the three southwestern provinces have little effect; Agricultural science and technology advancement has a positive impact on the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure but is not significant in the three northeastern provinces and six northwestern provinces, while it has significant negative effects in the three southwestern provinces and the five coastal provinces. Considering the adjustment effect of agricultural science and technology progress on private investment, only the negative effects of agricultural science and technology progress on the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure in the five coastal provinces significantly, other regions have positive effects but are not significant.