美国国家实验室科研特征的情报计量学分析

Bibliometric analysis of the characteristics of scientific researches in the American national laboratories

摘要:

本文选取美国能源部、航空航天局（NASA）、国防部下属19家国家实验室，从论文总量、资助机构、作者来源、国内外合作研究、科学设施与装置的利用情况及论文影响力几个方面分析了美国典型国家实验室的科研特征。研究发现美国典型国家实验室的科研活动以政府主管部门为其主要资助机构，国防相关部门为重要资助来源，以灵活多样的人才聘用形式（双聘人员）聚集相关领域的优势科研人员展开研究，科研合作具有较显著的开放性和国际化特征，注重科学设施与装置的开放和共享利用，且科研产出成果的影响力高。

Abstract:

This paper analyses the characteristics of the scientific researches in the 19 national laboratories of Department of Energy (DOE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Department of Defense (DOD) of America in view of number of papers, funding sources, author types, collaboration of researches, use of scientific facilities, and the influences of papers. The findings include that, the funding sources of scientific researches of American national laboratories are mainly the governing federal government agencies, while NSF and military adn defense relavaent federal agencies have an important role in providing fundings, the national laboratories make use of scientific human resources in very flexible ways (e.g. joint faculty and post-doc) for research activities, the research activities involve significant openness and internationalization in the collaboration, the research facilities have a high degree of openness to external scientific users, and the scientific outputs of the national laboratories are highly influential in the scientific areas in terms of the paper citations and rate of papers published in top journals Nature and Science.