芯片制造技术的国际竞争态势及企业创新特征分析——以专利为视角

Analysis of International Competition Situation and Enterprise Innovation Characteristics of Chip Manufacturing Technology：From the Perspective of Patent

摘要:

芯片产业是当前经济社会发展的基础性产业，芯片制造核心能力是世界各国争夺的技术制高点。知己知彼是打造具有中国特色的芯片产业化道路的基础，因此，以2000年至2020年间芯片制造领域的专利为视角，分析该领域的国际竞争态势以及探索各国核心企业的技术竞争策略和创新模式，以期对我国相关领域的技术发展提供帮助。具体的：首先，通过聚类和共现等方式识别出芯片制造领域的关键技术，以进一步分析该领域的国际竞争格局；然后对芯片制造领域核心企业的竞争演化和技术距离进行分析，以归纳不同国家核心企业的技术竞争策略和技术创新模式。研究得出：（1）芯片制造关键技术领域的国际竞争中，主要的竞争国家为美国、日本、韩国、德国、荷兰、中国和法国。目前，芯片制造领域具有最高技术水平的国家是日本和美国。（2）中国大陆在芯片制造领域的明星企业是中芯国际集成电路制造有限公司，其当前主要的竞争对手为美国国际商业机器公司、中国台湾地区台积电公司以及美国瓦特洛电气公司。（3）芯片制造领域核心企业的技术竞争策略表现出了明显的国别特征：日本企业更注重专业化；美国明星企业的更替更频繁；韩国企业专利布局范围更广泛。（4）不同国家核心企业的技术创新模式有所不同：日本企业偏重模仿式创新与突破式创新相结合；韩国企业注重突破式创新；美国企业以突破式创新为主，模仿式创新为辅；中国大陆企业以模仿式创新为主，突破式创新为辅。

Abstract:

Chip industry is the basic industry of the current economic and social development. The core competence of chip manufacturing is the technical commanding point that countries compete for in the international competition. Knowing yourself as well as the enemy.，which is the foundation for China to build its own characteristic path of chip industrialization. From the perspective of patents, this paper discusses the international competition situation of key technologies and the technology competition strategies of core enterprises in chip manufacturing field from 2000 to 2020. Specifically, firstly, the key technologies in the basic technology field of chip manufacturing are identified through the combination of text clustering and co-occurrence analysis, so as to analyze the international competition pattern in this field. secondly, combined with the evolution of competition among enterprises, we further measure the technology similarity among enterprises, so as to explore the technology competition strategy. The research finds that: (I) The most competitive countries in the field of chip manufacturing are the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, the Netherlands, China and France. (II) The star enterprise in the field of chip manufacturing in Chinese mainland is SMIC. Its current main competitors are IBMC, WATL, ITEL, TSMC and SUME. (III) Companies have shown different national characteristics in terms of technological layout: Japanese companies pay more attention to specialization; star companies in the United States are replaced more frequently; Korean companies have a wider range of patents. (IV) The technological innovation models of enterprises in different countries are different: Japanese enterprises emphasize the combination of imitation and breakthrough innovation; Korean enterprises focus on breakthrough innovation; American enterprises mainly focus on breakthrough innovation, supplemented by imitative innovation; The enterprises in Chinese mainland focus on imitative innovation, supplemented by breakthrough innovation.