德、美、日建设世界科技强国的经验及启示

Experience and Enlightenment of Germany, America and Japan to Build a World Leader in Science and Technology

摘要:

世界格局变迁和工业革命发展是后发国家实现科技赶超，建成世界科技强国的重要历史机遇。德国因引领第二次工业革命而建成世界科技强国；美国抓住第二次工业革命和两次世界大战机遇，赶超欧洲建成世界科技强国，并引领第三次工业革命；日本抓住第二、三次工业革命交汇的机遇，成功加入世界科技强国之列。从经济崛起到科技赶超，从技术引进到原始创新，从教育改革到科学发展，从自发创新到体系建设，三个后发国家均形成了内生技术能力，持续性建设人才队伍，推动科技创新和制度创新，并注重发挥国立科研机构的引领作用。据此，本文提出科技自立自强、科教融合、科技开放合作和国家战略科技力量体系建设等方面的相关建议。

Abstract:

The change of world pattern and the development of industrial revolution are important historical opportunities for late-developing countries to achieve scientific and technological catch-up and build a world scientific and technological power. Germany became a world power in science and technology by leading the second industrial revolution; the United States seized the opportunity of the second industrial revolution and the two world wars to overtake Europe and become a world power in science and technology and lead the third industrial revolution; Japan seized the opportunity of the convergence of the second and third industrial revolutions and successfully joined the ranks of world powers in science and technology.From economic rise to scientific and technological catch-up, from technology introduction to original innovation, from educational reform to scientific development, from spontaneous innovation to system construction, all three late-developing countries have developed endogenous technological capabilities, continuously built their talent pool, promoted scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation,and focused on the leading role of national research institutions.Accordingly, this paper puts forward relevant suggestions on self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology, integration of science and education, open cooperation in science and technology, and construction of national strategic science and technology force system.