植物新品种保护制度：历史演变与经验启示

New Plant Variety Protection System: Historical Evolution and Experience Enlightenment

摘要:

摘 要：植物新品种保护制度是农业知识产权中最重要的一项制度之一，研究影响植物新品种保护制度变迁的供求因素具有重大意义。本文在梳理植物新品种保护制度的历史演变与发展现状基础上，总结国际植物新品种保护联盟（UPOV）不同时期植物新品种保护制度的发展特征，进一步从制度变迁视角分析美国、日本、欧洲植物新品种保护制度的发展经验。研究发现，农业生产要素和植物新品种相对价格的变动引致植物新品种保护制度的产生；育种技术进步和新品种市场规模的扩大推动政府对新品种保护制度不断改革完善；美国和日本、欧洲的法律渊源不同，但各国法律和新品种规范性行为准则的改变促使政府对新品种保护制度不断调整；政府对新品种保护制度的设计成本和制度安排实施的预期成本越低，越有利于新品种保护制度的推行。基于此，本文提出中国植物新品种保护制度建设应适应农业发展、主动保证科技型种业企业规模发展的需要，提高法律位阶、有效完善品种鉴定与检测认证的法规体系，落实司法保护、加大种业知识产权法定范围内惩罚性赔偿等政策启示。

关键词:植物新品种保护;制度变迁;农业知识产权;政策启示

Abstract:

Abstract: The protection system of new plant varieties is one of the most important systems in agricultural intellectual property rights. It is of great significance to study the supply and demand factors that affect the changes of the protection system of new plant varieties. On the basis of combing the historical evolution and development status of the new plant variety protection system, this paper summarizes the development characteristics of the new plant variety protection system in different periods of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), and further analyzes the development experience of the new plant variety protection system in the United States, Japan and Europe from the perspective of institutional change. It is found that the changes of agricultural production factors and the relative prices of new plant varieties lead to the emergence of the protection system of new plant varieties; The progress of breeding technology and the expansion of the market scale of new varieties promote the continuous reform and improvement of the government's new variety protection system; The legal origins of the United States are different from those of Japan and Europe, but the change of laws and normative codes of conduct of new varieties in various countries has prompted the government to constantly adjust the protection system of new varieties; The lower the design cost of the new variety protection system and the expected cost of the implementation of the system arrangement, the more conducive to the implementation of the new variety protection system. At the end of the paper, it is proposed that the construction of China's new plant variety protection system should meet the needs of agricultural development, actively ensure the scale development of scientific and technological seed industry enterprises, improve the legal status, effectively improve the regulatory system of variety identification and testing certification, implement judicial protection, and increase punitive compensation within the legal scope of seed industry intellectual property rights.

Key words:Protection of new plant varieties; Institutional change; Agricultural intellectual property rights; Policy enlightenment