我国蓝碳开发的理论分析与路径选择

Theory Analysis and Development Suggestion on the Marine Carbon in China

摘要:

近年来国际社会已经开始努力将海洋生态系统所具备的碳汇能力纳入现有的政策框架。我国拥有发展蓝碳的良好资源条件，但蓝碳开发无论在理论还是实践操作层面都面临着一系列问题和挑战，需要结合本国发展现实进行相关理论的原始创新，以增强应对气候变化的能力，实现政治、经济、社会和生态等多重效益的联动效应。为此，运用生态资源资本化、公共物品、外部性、生态系统服务付费、协同治理、陆海统筹等理论构建我国蓝碳开发的理论分析框架，针对我国蓝碳开发面临着碳主权遭受冲击、蓝碳交易价格波动大于预期、蓝碳国际合作受到制约、无法确定滨海湿地总体上偏向碳汇还是碳源等挑战，分析提出以保证蓝碳产业政策独立性为主线，在碳主权不动摇的基础上的四方面具体路径：基于生态资源资本化理论的政策改进路径，基于公共物品、外部性和生态系统服务付费理论的价格稳定路径，基于协同治理理论的国际合作路径以及基于陆海统筹理论的生态保护路径。进一步，从主要三方面对我国今后蓝碳开发研究提出展望：一是蓝碳项目规模扩大、额外性界定与增强方式；二是不同生物资源种类蓝碳建设的理论与实践深化；三是不同建设方法利弊和成效。

关键词:蓝碳;固碳;“双碳”;不可能三角;碳主权

Abstract:

In recent years, the international community has begun to integrate the carbon sequestration capacity of Marine ecosystems into the existing policy framework. Our country has good resource conditions for blue carbon development, but blue carbon development is facing a series of problems and challenges both in theory and practice. We need to make original innovation in relevant theories based on the reality of our country's development, so as to strengthen our ability to cope with climate change and realize the linkage effect of multiple benefits, including political, economic, social and ecological. Therefore, theories such as capitalization of ecological resources, public goods, externality, payment of ecosystem services, collaborative governance, land-sea pooling are used to construct a theoretical analysis framework for blue carbon development in China. In view of the challenges faced by China's blue carbon development, such as impacts on carbon sovereignty, greater than expected price fluctuations of blue carbon trading, constraints on blue carbon international cooperation, and uncertainty about whether coastal wetlands prefer carbon sinks or carbon sources on the whole, this paper analyzes and proposes four specific paths on the basis of unwavering carbon sovereignty, with the independence of blue carbon industrial policy as the main line: The policy improvement path based on the capitalization theory of ecological resources, the price stability path based on the payment theory of public goods, externalities and ecosystem services, the international cooperation path based on the cooperative governance theory, and the ecological protection path based on the land-sea integration theory. Further, it puts forward the prospect of future research on blue carbon development in three aspects: First, the expansion of the blue carbon project, definition and enhancement of additionality; Second, deepening the theory and practice of blue carbon construction of different biological resources; Third, the advantages and disadvantages of different construction methods and results.

Key words:marine carbon; carbon sequestration; “double-carbon”; impossible triangle; carbon sovereignty