美国芯片政策的战略布局:动因、措施与启示

Strategic Layout of the Chip Policies of the United States: Motivation, Measures and Enlightenment

摘要:

美国自拜登政府上台以来便着手谋划芯片政策，构想通过政府资金补贴回流芯片制造业提升美国技术竞争力，以维护其在国际社会中的主导优势。对此，为深入洞察美国的芯片发展战略意图，并借鉴美国发展芯片产业的优秀经验，对美国《芯片和科学法案》《振兴美国半导体生态系统》等芯片政策进行深入剖析，以厘清美国谋划芯片政策的多重动因和布局措施。美国实施芯片政策的深层次动因在于其芯片产业优势流失和全球日趋激烈的芯片技术竞赛。美国芯片政策的主要措施包括：设立芯片基金，以资金补贴和税收优惠政策撬动私人资本和地方资金，以及吸引国际资本在美投资建厂、促进回流芯片制造业；新设CHIPS实施指导委员会、工业咨询委员会、CHIPS项目办公室以及CHIPS研发办公室等行政部门，协调推动落实芯片政策；及在芯片设计、制造和包装等关键技术节点中新建技术研发中心等。基于研究发现，为应对美国芯片政策对华的负面影响，提出中国应借鉴美国芯片政策的有益经验，从政府调控作用、芯片资金使用、人才培养引进、攻坚核心技术和国际合作等方面采取对策措施，保障中国芯片产业的可持续发展。

Abstract:

The Biden administration begun to launch the chip policy since it came to power. It conceived to enhance the technological competitiveness of the United States through government subsidies to support the return of chip manufacturing industry, so as to maintain its dominant advantage in the international community. In this regard, in order to gain an in-depth insight into the U.S. chip strategy intention, and learn from the excellent experience of the U.S. development of the chip industry, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis on the U.S. "CHIPS and Science Act," "Revitalizing the U.S. Semiconductor Ecosystem," and other chip policy, and clarify the multiple motivations and layout measures behind. The deep-seated motivation for the United States to implement the chip policy lies in the loss of its chip industry advantages and the increasingly fierce global chip technology competition. The main measures of the United States chip policy include three parts. The first part is about the establishment of a chip fund which mobilize private capital and local funds with capital subsidies and tax incentives, as well as attract international capital to invest and build factories in the United States to promote the return of the chip manufacturing industry. The second part is about the establishment of administrative departments such as the CHIPS Implementation Steering Committee, the Industrial Advisory Committee, the CHIPS Project Office and the CHIPS R&D Office in order to coordinate the implementation of the chip policy. The third part is the establishment of new technology research centers in key technological nodes such as chip design, manufacturing and packaging. Based on the findings of the study, the paper proposed that China should learn from the useful experience of the U.S. chip policy and take countermeasures in terms of the government's regulation, the use of chip funds, the cultivation and introduction of talents, the attack on core technologies and international cooperation, to cope with the negative impact of the U.S. chip policy on China, so as to ensure the sustainable development of China's chip industry.