终身教职制度对培养青年科技人才的影响机制——基于两所美国顶尖高校

The Impact Mechanism of the Tenure on the Young Scientific and Technological Talent Cultivating: Based on Two Top American Universities

摘要:

美国终身教职制度从设计机理到执行层面都彰显出重要的人才培养理念，在青年科技人才个人发展以及高校教师队伍优化上发挥了重要的作用。“准聘－长聘”制度作为美国终身教职制度在中国本土化的结果，是国内高校关于青年科技人才的主要评价和考核制度，但目前仍处于发展阶段，在理论和实践层面都存在持续完善的必要和空间，因此选取哈佛大学和伯克利大学加州分校两所美国顶尖高校，对终身教职制度在制度功能、制度标准和制度实践等方面的介绍、比较与研究分析。发现美国终身教职制度在制度功能方面，维护学术自由，强调自我提升；在制度标准方面，明确重点目标，引导助力发展；在制度实践方面，尊重客体差异性，强调考核全面性。结合中国高校“准聘－长聘”制度的现状与问题，提出强化人才培养与人才选拔并重的制度内涵，制定兼备指导意义和可操作性的制度标准以及贯彻遵循人才成长规律的科学化制度理念等建议。

关键词:终身教职制度;青年科技人才;人才培养;案例研究

Abstract:

Tenure in the United States has demonstrated important concept of talent cultivating from the design mechanism to the implementation level, having been playing an important role in the personal development of young scientific and technological talents and the optimization of college teachers. As a result of its localization in China, the Tenure-track System has been the main evaluation and assessment system for young scientific and technological talents in domestic universities. As it is still in the development stage, there exists necessity and space for the continuous improvement in both theory and practice. This paper selects two top universities in the United States, Harvard University and Berkeley University of California, to introduce, compare and analyze the institutional functions, institutional standards and institutional practices of the Tenure. It is found that in terms of institutional functions, the Tenure safeguards academic freedom and emphasizes self-improvement; in terms of institutional standards, it clarifies key objectives and guides and supports individual development; in terms of institutional practice, it respects the differences of objects and emphasizes comprehensive assessment. Based on the current situation and problems of the Tenure-track System in Chinese universities, it is suggested to strengthen the institutional content stressing both talent cultivation and talent selection, establish institutional standards with both guiding significance and operability, and implement scientific institutional concepts following the laws of talent growth.

Key words:Tenure; young scientific and technological talents; talent cultivating; case study