美国国防部“可信代工厂”项目20年发展回顾

A Review of 20 Years Development of The U.S. Department of Defense’s “Trusted Foundry” Program

摘要:

美国国家安全局与国防部为确保本土微电子制造能力的可信性与安全性，自2004年起共同出资启动“可信代工厂”（TF）项目，旨在构建覆盖微电子器件和部分光电子器件研发与生产全链条的可信认证供应商体系。随着近年来唯一获认证的先进制造能力被外资收购，国防部加强了可信战略部署，使TF项目聚焦于先进制造能力的突围。在当前一国制造能力建设最大限度利用商业制造设施、知识产权，依托甚至依赖商用能力已成为不可阻挡趋势的背景下，非常有必要深入探讨TF项目20年来的发展历程、管理与服务模式、制造能力的演变，以及经费投入与使用情况，从中汲取经验，为中国加强自主创新、优化产业布局，提升微电子产业的国际竞争力提供参考。研究发现，TF项目由可信获取项目办公室总负责，主要服务美国情报机构和国防部，经历了提出需求、启动项目、平稳运行、应对意外和回归初心5个阶段，在打通商业渠道满足军需方面发挥了重要作用，提升了美国微电子制造的技术水平，还确保了美国供应链的安全可靠，已成为美国可信微电子战略的一部分。据此，得出布局自主可控先进制造能力和提升现有产线工艺与运营能力等对中国发展半导体先进制造能力的启示。

Abstract:

Since 2004, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) of the United States have jointly funded the "Trusted Foundry" (TF) program to ensure the credibility and security of domestic microelectronics manufacturing capabilities in America. The project aims to establish a trusted certification supplier system that covers the entire chain of research and development and production for microelectronic devices and some optoelectronic devices. As the only certified advanced manufacturing capability was acquired by foreign capital in recent years, the DoD has strengthened its trusted strategic deployment, focusing the TF project on breaking through in advanced manufacturing capabilities. In the context where the trend of maximizing the use of commercial manufacturing facilities and intellectual property in one country's manufacturing capacity building, and relying on commercial capabilities, is unstoppable, it is crucial to delve into the 20-year development, management and service models, evolution of manufacturing capabilities, and the allocation and utilization of funds of the TF project. This analysis will draw lessons to provide references for China to enhance innovation, optimize industry, and improve the international competitiveness of its microelectronics industry. The study found that the TF project, primarily serving U.S. intelligence agencies and the DoD, and managed by the Trusted Access Program Office, underwent five phases: requirement articulation, project initiation, stable operation, responding to contingencies, and returning to basics. It has played a significant role in meeting military needs through commercial channels, enhanced the technological level of U.S. microelectronics manufacturing, and ensured the security and reliability of the U.S. supply chain, becoming an integral part of the U.S. trusted microelectronics strategy. Accordingly, this provides insights for China in developing autonomous control over advanced manufacturing capabilities and enhancing the process and operational abilities of existing production lines.