国际知识产权贸易网络的演化特征及其影响机制研究

Research on the Evolution and Influencing Mechanism ofInternational Intellectual Property Trade Network

摘要:

知识产权贸易与全球价值链分工以及利益分配息息相关，已成为各国谋求国际竞争优势的重要工具。为研究国际知识产权贸易格局演化及其影响因素和机制，厘清中国在其中的地位，选取66个主要国家和地区的知识产权使用费数据，构建1995－2018年国际知识产权贸易网络，使用社会网络分析方法描绘网络的拓扑结构、空间布局和节点特征；同时，基于创新-文化制度地理经济距离框架，利用指数随机图模型，探索网络形成和演化的影响机制。结果发现：国际知识产权贸易网络的小世界特征和“核心-边缘”结构明显；中心化格局逐渐加强后在动荡中逐渐减弱，欧美发达国家特别是美国的核心地位不断减弱，核心国家到2018年呈现德国、荷兰、瑞士、英国、美国五足鼎立的局面；中国发展势头强劲，年平均出口增长率和年平均进口增长率均高于国际知识产权贸易总额增长率，且2018年比1995年的知识产权贸易总额增长近47倍，但其贸易逆差不断增大；知识产权贸易网络具有循环闭合效应，但国家间不存在较强的依赖关系；创新水平、制度水平、经济水平、文化距离和地理距离都在一定程度上影响知识产权贸易关系的形成。

Abstract:

Intellectual property trade is closely related to the division of labor and the distribution of benefits within global value chains, thus has become an important tool for countries seeking international competitive advantage. To study the evolution of the international intellectual property trade pattern and its influencing factors and mechanisms, and to clarify China’s position within it, this research selects intellectual property royalty data from 66 major countries and regions. It constructs an international intellectual property trade network from 1995 to 2018, using social network analysis methods to depict the network’s topological structure, spatial layout, and node characteristics. Additionally, based on the innovation-cultural distance-administrative distance-geographic distance-economic distance framework, an exponential random graph model is employed to explore the mechanisms of network formation and evolution. The results show that: the international intellectual property trade network exhibits small-world characteristics and a clear “core-periphery” structure; the centralization trend gradually strengthens but later weakened in times of turmoil. The core position of developed countries, particularly the United States, continued to decline. By 2018, the core countries were Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, in a balanced situation. China has maintained strong growth momentum, with the average annual growth rates of both exports and imports surpassing the growth rate of the total international intellectual property trade. Additionally, the total value of intellectual property trade in 2018 increased nearly 47 times compared to 1995. However, its trade deficit has been continuously expanding. The intellectual property trade network shows a cyclical closure effect, but there is no strong interdependence between countries. Innovative level, administrative level, economic level, cultural distance, and geographical distance all influence the formation of intellectual property trade relationships to some extent.