嵌入性视角下的专家竞技：突发公共卫生事件中的医学科技专家参与行为多样性研究

Expert Competition in the Embedded Perspective:A Study of the Diversity of Medical Technology Expert Participation in Public Health Emergencies

摘要:

突发公共卫生事件对人类健康、经济发展与社会秩序带来严重危害，医学科技专家参与是政府治理突发公共卫生 事件的重要科学保障，但目前相关文献缺乏对在突发公共卫生事件事件背景下医学科技专家参与行为特点方面的 研究。本研究以突发公共卫生事件治理为背景，选取 2003 年非典疫情及 2020 年新冠疫情防控中的专家参与案例，从嵌入性理论视角出发，通过双案例比较研究发现：医学专家为扩大自身的学术观点与影响力，其参与行为呈现出与在其他事件参与行为中不同的行为特征，呈现出趋同化参与和多样化竞技的特征，该特征的变化趋势与形成逻辑受到微观层面行为驱动力、中观层面关系嵌入性及宏观层面结构嵌入性等相关因素的影响。为了减少上述因素的拮抗效应、增加因素之间的协同效应可以减少医学专家之间的内耗，提高专家治理效能，进而提升政府治理突发公共卫生事件的效能，本研究提出科技专家咨询机构要建立常态化咨询制度，同时建立优化专家参与的制度体系的建议，让科技专家回归独立性、科学性与中立性。

Abstract:

Background: Since entering the risk society, sudden public health incidents represented by infectious disease outbreaks have posed serious threats to human health, the economy, and social order. These incidents are characterized by their complexity, uncertainty, wide-reaching effects, high dependency on knowledge, and short decision-making windows. To enhance the effectiveness and scientific basis of governance, the involvement of medical and technological experts in managing these events has become a crucial scientific safeguard. Consequently, public technology has emerged as a significant means to address these sudden public health incidents. Medical and technological experts, representing public technology experts, have seen a substantial rise in their status in the governance process, becoming a primary group influencing policy. This study preliminarily explores the logical causes behind their behavioral characteristics through the lens of embeddedness theory, analyzing the competitive participation of medical and technological experts in event governance. Methods: This study constructs a theoretical analysis framework by integrating expert participation theory, arena theory, and embeddedness theory through a literature review method. Subsequently, the framework is applied to two typical cases of sudden public health incidents using a case comparison method and in-depth interviews. This approach is used to analyze the behavioral characteristics of medical and technological experts involved in specific issues, in order to verify the effectiveness and scientific nature of the framework. Results: This study reveals that the involvement of technology experts is the starting point for expert competition. Throughout the competitive process, individual motivations and the diverse characteristics of relational embeddedness primarily influence their actions. However, under the influence of structural embeddedness factors, their behaviors tend to converge. Over time, as the government's governance model solidifies, the competition among experts gradually diminishes. Overall, the findings display characteristics of intermittent equilibrium and path dependency, indicative of temporal embeddedness. Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth analysis of the competitive behaviors of medical and technological experts in sudden public health incidents from the perspective of embeddedness. It explains the phenomena from their origins, derives logic from mechanisms, and offers suggestions for improvement. This research contributes new perspectives and ideas for analyzing the utility of public technology in sudden public health events and provides practical support for its application in other emergencies.